Disease - The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim wiki

Diseases contracted from enemies and traps can be healed at shrines.

Ataxia:  contracted from  traps and skeevers. It makes Lock picking and Pickpocket 25% harder. 

Bone Bark fever: contracted traps and bears . -  25 Stamina

Brain Rott contracted from taps. - 25 Magika

Dragonslayer's Blessing: contracted from Blades quest and last for 5 days. additional 10% Critical Hit Chance

Sanguinare Vampiris: contracted from vampires. turns you into a vampire 

Lycanthropy:  contracted from Werewolf or The Companions quest line.